Building Your Family Tree, Part 2

I volunteer my services to the Bay Area Genealogical Society (BAGS).  We meet at 6:30 PM on the last Friday of every month at University Baptist Church, 16106 Middlebrook Drive, Houston, TX 77059 (Clear Lake City).

If you become a member of BAGS, you are entitled to a free one-on-one Getting Started session with a member of the BAGS mentoring team.  We will walk you through the process of building your “Family Tree” on the FamilySearch.org website.  Here is an outline of what we cover in our “Getting Started” session:

• How to obtain a Family Search account
• How to start a “Family Tree” on Family Search.
• How to use the Family Search Learning Center including recommended beginner courses:
• “5 Minute Genealogy” Video Series.
• “Family Tree” Training Lessons and Videos.
• How to use the Family Search Wiki.

You can use the videos at the learning center to do all of this on your own but one of the keys to success is keeping a short list of places where you can get in-person help.  Here are a few places that you should plan to visit:

• A local Family Search center- one of the great things about the Family Search organization is that they have local Family Search centers in thousands of locations around the world.  For a list of Family Search centers go here.
• A public genealogy library- many cities, counties and states provide local public libraries that offer genealogy services.  In Houston, we have one of the top genealogy libraries in the United States, the Clayton Library.  It is also a Family Search center with the most extensive service hours in our area. Genealogy libraries often provide free or low cost training programs.  You will find a list of genealogy libraries here.
• A local genealogy society- BAGS is one example but there are several more societies in the greater Houston and Galveston area.  Check this site for a local genealogical society near where you live.
• BAGS has monthly meetings and we have offered special interest groups based on various ethnic backgrounds including but not limited to British, Irish and African American genealogy.
• The African American Genealogy Class sponsored by BAGS will meet on the 1st Thursdays at 10:30 AM at Friendswood Public Library on the following dates: August 7, September 4, and October 2.  
• We are planning a special interest group for German ancestry in 2015.  
• The next general meeting of BAGS is our annual Barbecue Dinner and Show & Tell.  Members will be making a series of five minute presentations about the heirlooms and stories of their ancestors.  Join us at 6:30 PM on Friday, August 29 at University Baptist Church, 16106 Middlebrook Drive, Houston, TX 77059 (Clear Lake City) for our next meeting.

Building Your Family Tree, Part 1

One of the services that I provide for my clients is to build Family Trees for them on either Ancestry.com or FamilySearch.org.  Many of my clients have already started their trees on one of these sites and they allow me to edit their trees.  I am able to add documents, photographs and stories to their family tree that help to authenticate and illustrate their family history.

If you are just starting your family history, you may be wondering which of these sites that I recommend.  They both have their advantages and the answer is:  “It depends”.  Do you believe that you get what you pay for?  Or do you believe that things that are really worth having are free?  I have been hedging my bets and using both sites as well as several others for my personal genealogy.

Our friends at Wikipedia offer the following:

• Ancestry.com Inc., formerly The Generations Network, is a privately held Internet company based in Provo, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States and nine foreign countries, develops and markets genealogical software, and offers a wide array of genealogical related services.^[2] As of December 2013, the company provided access to approximately 12.7 billion records and had 2.14 million paying subscribers. User-generated content included 191 million uploaded photos and more than 16 million uploaded stories.^[3]
• FamilySearch is a genealogy organization operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch maintains a collection of records, resources, and services designed to help people learn more about their family history. FamilySearch gathers, preserves, and shares genealogical records worldwide. It offers free access to its resources and service online at FamilySearch.org, one of the most heavily used genealogy sites on the Internet.^[2] In addition, FamilySearch offers personal assistance at more than 4,500 family history centers in 70 countries, including the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.  FamilySearch cites as its motivation to provide genealogical information the "beliefs of the LDS Church that families are meant to be central to our lives and that family relationships are intended to continue beyond this life."^[3]

The things that I like about Ancestry.com:

1. The optional Family Tree Maker software that allows me to back up and synchronize my online trees to my computer.
2. The International Collections have helped with my Irish, British, German and Italian ancestors
3. I get lots of messages from other Ancestry.com users with corrections, additions and complements on the material that I post.
4. I can control the appearance of my trees without interference from other users.
5. Ancestry.com offers a smart phone application that allows you to carry all of your family trees with you on your phone.  I can refer to my phone when I am searching for your ancestors and mine in books in the stacks of a genealogy library.

This is an example of one of the family trees that I have built on Ancestry.com.  This tree shows my ancestor Ernest Ellsworth Coffman in the Pedigree View.  Five generations of Coffman ancestors are shown in this view.  Let me build or edit a family tree for you!

The things I like about FamilySearch.org:

1. IT IS FREE!  I began my digital genealogy with the Personal Ancestral File software for the same reason.  FREE!   I contributed to the Ancestral File and the Pedigree Resource File in appreciation for the fact that the software and their support services were FREE!  The WORLD’S LARGEST GENEALOGY ORGANIZATION has also made sure that all of the data that I contributed has migrated to their new Family Tree.
2. I like the idea of having only one World Family Tree and getting users to collaborate, cooperate and source only one profile for each of my ancestors and only one profile for each of their descendants.  Cooperation and collaboration require a little more patience, trust and effort to get the information right for the long term but in the end, I think it is the right thing to do.
3. Placing your genealogy on a free site makes it easier for your family members that are more casual about their interest in family history.
4. The latest news is that Family Search is also offering a smart phone application.  I downloaded it to my phone but have not been able to give it a test drive.  This is another example of the improvements in FamilySearch which make it increasingly competitive with Ancestry.com.
5. Did I mention FREE?

This is a pedigree view of Ernest Ellsworth Coffman on FamilySearch.org which shows a slightly different arrangement but very similar to Ancestry.com.  I can build or edit your tree on either or both of these sites.

I have invested much more of my time in the last ten years building trees on Ancestry.com.  The one Family Tree at FamilySearch.org has only recently been improved to the point where I think it is competitive with the multitude of Family Trees at Ancestry.com.  I have recently begun working to improve and update the profiles of my direct ancestors at FamilySearch.org.  I have started adding some of the stories and pictures that I have on my trees at Ancestry.com to the FamilySearch Tree.  I encourage all of you to start contributing to the unified tree at FamilySearch.org.

I have twenty five years of experience expanding and documenting family trees. I can build or improve your tree for you on either site.  Some of my clients are starting from scratch.  Some of my clients have started a rudimentary online tree but need my help to find the origins of their immigrant or slave ancestors.  If you would like to give your family tree a “JUMP START”, please use the contact box in the right hand margin.  I welcome all inquiries and can advise you about both free and paid research assistance.

The Slaves That Freed Themselves, Part 3

The Slaves That Freed Themselves, Part 3

The Contraband Camps described in Part 1 and Part 2 grew even larger after Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863.  The draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that was issued in the fall of 1862 did not include the provisions for the recruitment of African Americans into the military.  Abraham Lincoln at first was not convinced of the necessity for black troops.  The exodus from the plantations resulted in an excess of fugitive slaves within Union lines.  This fact coupled with the shortage of white Union manpower led to Lincoln’s decision to encourage the exodus further and put the refugees to work in the Union army.

The United States War Department issued General Order Number 143 on May 22, 1863, establishing the Bureau of Colored Troops to facilitate the recruitment of African-American soldiers to fight for the Union Army.  Regiments, including infantry, cavalry, engineers, light artillery, and heavy artillery units, were recruited from all states of the Union and became known as the United States Colored Troops (USCT).

Historian Steven Hahn proposes that when slaves organized themselves and worked with the Union Army during the American Civil War, including as some regiments of the USCT, their actions comprised a slave rebellion that dwarfed all others.

Recruiting Poster for the U.S. Colored Troops

Approximately 175 regiments composed of more than 178,000 free blacks and freedmen served during the last two years of the war. Their service bolstered the Union war effort at a critical time. By war's end, the men of the USCT composed nearly one tenth of all Union troops. The USCT suffered 2,751 combat casualties during the war, and 68,178 losses from all causes. Disease caused the most fatalities for all troops, black and white.[Wikipedia, Article United States Colored Troops]

The numbers of troops recruited in the south came primarily from the contraband camps.  One exception is Texas as there was not a strong Union presence in Texas until the end of the war.

Numbers of United States Colored Troops by state, North and South[edit]

The soldiers are classified by the state where they were enrolled; Northern states often sent agents to enroll ex-slaves from the South. Note that many soldiers from Delaware, DC, Kentucky, Missouri and West Virginia were ex-slaves as well.

North[15]	Number	South[15]	Number
Connecticut	1,764	Alabama	4,969
Colorado Territory	95	Arkansas	5,526
Delaware	954	Florida	1,044
District of Columbia	3,269	Georgia	3,486
Illinois	1,811	Louisiana	24,502
Indiana	1,597	Mississippi	17,869
Iowa	440	North Carolina	5,035
Kansas	2,080	South Carolina	5,462
Kentucky	23,703	Tennessee	20,133
Maine	104	Texas	47
Maryland	8,718	Virginia	5,723
Massachusetts	3,966
Michigan	1,387	Total from the South	93,796
Minnesota	104
Missouri	8,344	At large	733
New Hampshire	125	Not accounted for	5,083
New Jersey	1,185
New York	4,125
Ohio	5,092
Pennsylvania	8,612
Rhode Island	1,837
Vermont	120
West Virginia	196
Wisconsin	155
Total from the North	79,283
		Total	178,895

Source: Wikipedia

The good news for African American genealogists is that the service records and the pension files for these veterans are gold mines of family information.  Consider the case of Eliza Davis who was married to two veterans.  The pension file of her second husband, Lewis Mackel was over 200 pages and included genealogical gems such as this one:

GENERAL AFFIDAVIT State of Mississippi, County of Adams:  In the matter of Pension claim of Eliza Davis now Mackel, late widow of Wm. Davis, late Co. H. 63^rd USCT.

   Personally came before me a Justice of the peace in and for aforesaid County and State William Shorter, aged 73 years, citizen near Bullits Bayou, County of Concordia, State of Louisiana, well known to me to be reputable and entitled to credit and who being duly sworn, declares in relation to aforesaid case as follows:

I am a minister of the gospel and have been for 45 years and I joined in the Holy Bonds of Matrimony one Eliza Davis and Lewis Mackel at the Morgan plantation in Concordia Parish, Louisiana on the 7^th day of November 1869 and I know the said Eliza Davis to be the widow of the above named soldier William Davis who is now dead.     Signed- William Shorter.

Lewis Mackel was working as a constable in Concordia Parish, Louisiana after the war but he was also a veteran of Company H of the 63^rd Regiment of the United States Colored Troops.  The original name of this regiment was the 9th Louisiana Infantry (African Descent).  The index card for the pension file was found on Ancestry.com and it opened the door to an explosion of information about the life of Lewis Mackel.  Here is another example:

p. 23      Deposition by Benjamin Thornton states:

 

 “…his age is more than 50 years, a drayman, residence and P.O. address Natchez, Mississippi.  I have been acquainted with Louis Mackel for a good many years.  We both formerly lived near Bullits Bayou, Concordia Parish, La. when Louis was first a magistrate and later a constable.  While a constable he was sent to serve an attachment on some mules belonging to a woman named Ann Walker.  Willie Nulty in some way or for some reason unknown to me shot Louis Mackel in the face.  I was not present and did not see the difficulty and don’t know how it started but I have always understood that he, Louis was in the discharge of his official duties when shot.  I did not see him at all the day he was shot.”  Sworn 13 August 1902

To find a dramatic story like this about your ancestor is both amazing and intriguing.  Further indexing of the records of the Freedmen’s Bureau and of these federal pension files will open the door to thousands of similar dramatic stories.  Publishing stories such as this one will also help to open the doors of discovery.  If you are interested in learning more about how to research your African American ancestors, please contact me or attend one of the following classes:

The African American Genealogy Class sponsored by the Bay Area Genealogical Society will meet on the 1st Thursdays at 10:30 AM at Friendswood Public Library on the following dates: 

• August 7
• September 4
• October 2

The address of the Friendswood Library is 416 S. Friendswood Drive.  This road is also known as FM-518.

I am going to cover the following topics:

Session 1

Start with yourself

Timelines

Family & Home Information Source Checklist

Charting Your Family History

Why Genealogy?

The Genealogical Approach to History

African American Surnames

Interviewing Relatives

Session 2

Case Study Showing the use of 19th & 20th Century Census, Vital Records 

and Military Records

Student Show and Tell Session

Session 3

African American History & Genealogy in Texas

Sources for Texas Vital Records

Genealogy Records of Special Value to African Americans

A 45 minute overview of the above topics will be held  on Saturday, September 6, 2014 at the Bayland Community Center, 6400 Bissonnet Street Houston, Texas 77074.  This session is being sponsored by the Houston Genealogical Forum.

The Slaves That Freed Themselves, Part 2

The Slaves That Freed Themselves, Part 2

In Part 1, we told the story of the first major contraband camp of the Civil War at Hampton, Virginia outside the walls of Fort Monroe also known as “Freedom’s Fortress”.  The Grand Contraband Camp grew to become a city in the early years of the Civil War with a population estimated between 7,000 and 10,000 people.  Another example of a contraband camp was the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island, where 3500 former slaves worked to develop a self-sufficient community.  In my research on the slaves that freed themselves in the early years of the civil war, I discovered a website dedicated to sharing the history of Civil War Contraband Camps: Last Road to Freedom.  The following quote from the website explains the varying forms taken by contraband camps:

“Contraband camps took different forms in different places. For instance, while in Memphis camps were created, often from the ground up, along or in [islands of] the Mississippi River, in South Carolina many camps existed on the same plantations where blacks had been slaves. Still other camps simply consisted of a number of blacks resident at Union encampments. Especially in the case of newly-built camps, the populations were ever-changing since fugitives arrived daily, men were recruited into service, and women were often sent to work on abandoned farms or plantations. Some of what is known about these makeshift communities comes from official records while important details have been provided through the writings of various people—often associated with religious groups or benevolent organizations--who visited them. The most remarkable of these first-hand accounts is provided by Quaker Levi Coffin, who transitioned from his work on the Underground Railroad directly to fundraising for the contraband. Two other witnesses to camp life were Michigan Quaker and Underground Railroad operative Laura Haviland, and John Eaton, Jr. General Superintendent of Freedmen.”

Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assigned John Eaton, an ordained Presbyterian minister, to organize contraband camps for the runaway slaves that were flocking to the protection of his army of the western theater. Grant had employed the contrabands as teamsters, laundresses, cooks, and hospital assistants. As the numbers of escaped slaves grew into the thousands, a more permanent solution was required. Grant approved the idea of a refugee camp at Grand Junction, Tennessee, and appointed Chaplain John Eaton, Jr., of the 27th Ohio Infantry, to oversee its organization and operations in November 1862.  Eaton was assigned the title of General Superintendent of Contrabands the following month. Eaton's first challenge was to provide food, shelter, clothing and security for the refugees throughout the Mississippi Valley. By 1863, he had received a commission as colonel of the 63rd United States Colored Infantry Regiment. Later he was appointed assistant superintendent of a district for the Freedman’s Bureau, which he held until his resignation in 1865.

It appears that most major cities behind Union lines had contraband camps as is shown in this map of Washington, D.C.  There is information on the internet about some of these sites but the heavy lifting will be done by scholars and genealogists in the federal records at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.  The place to start will be in the records of the Freedmen's Bureau (Record Group 105) and related military records.  The Last Road to Freedom website is starting this process by extracting the lists of settlers in the contraband camps.  An example of a list of camp settlers is here.

The federal government became integrally involved with the lives of African Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction period.  This involvement was principally managed by the Army and the Navy during the War. It is estimated that approximately four million slaves became freedmen through a variety of federal laws and presidential proclamations culminated by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.  The federal government established an agency in 1866 to assist the newly freed men, women and children which is usually called the Freedmen's Bureau.  The formal name of this agency was the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.  This more formal name is somewhat more explanatory of their role.  Feeding the refugees, educating the freedmen and employing freed people on the abandoned lands were all included in their duties.  The Freedmen’s Bureau inherited many of the records associated with the contraband camps but some of the records remain in military files.    An overview of the Freedmen’s Bureau records can be found here.

The following two paragraphs extracted from the National Archives site above encapsulate the potential for indentifying the occupants of the contraband camps:

“Of all of the types of records listed in the appendixes to the three-part inventory of records of the bureau field offices, the "pre-bureau" records are particularly valuable for research on African Americans during the Civil War. Because there was no centralized agency such as the Freedmen's Bureau during the war, records for this period are not as plentiful and are more difficult to locate, but they do show how the federal government became involved with freedmen and why the bureau was established. As soon as the war commenced, slaves fled to Union lines or were abandoned by their fleeing masters. Since most possessed little more than the clothes on their backs, the military began to dispense basic relief of food, clothing, and shelter and to employ as many as possible. In parts of the country where large numbers had gathered, commanders appointed superintendents to be in charge of all affairs relating to them. When Secretary of War Edwin Stanton appointed Oliver O. Howard to be commissioner of the bureau, he reportedly gave him a large basket of records of the superintendents of freedmen, and these, most likely, are the pre-bureau records in RG 105.

Although somewhat fragmentary, records of the wartime superintendents of freedmen, some of which begin as early as March 1862, show that the Freedmen's Bureau was in many respects but a continuation of operations that had started during the war. The most voluminous records are those of the general superintendent of freedmen in the military Department of Tennessee among the bureau records for Mississippi and those of the superintendent of the Bureau of Free Labor in the military Department of the Gulf among the bureau records for Louisiana. For both states there are records of "home colonies" and camps where freedmen were put to work cultivating abandoned plantations. Registers kept at these places give the names and ages of the freedmen employed and often the names and addresses of former owners. Other registers show the dispensation of relief or the people treated in hospitals. Less voluminous, but also significant, are bureau records for South Carolina and Virginia, which include those of the superintendent of contrabands at Beaufort in the military Department of the South and the superintendent of Negro affairs at Fort Monroe in the Departments of Virginia and North Carolina. Bureau records for the District of Columbia also include registers of freedmen's camps, one in the city and the other on Mason's Island, that were established during the war and copies of letters sent by the quartermaster officer in charge of freedmen in the military Department of Washington.”

The potential that these records hold for African American history and genealogy is enormous.  Next time we will summarize the story of the “Volunteers of African Descent” and the rich records of the pension files at the National Archives.  Stay tuned!

The Slaves That Freed Themselves, Part 1

The Slaves That Freed Themselves, Part 1: The Grand Contraband Camp

Much has been written about the “Underground Railroad” which enabled slaves to become free in the North.  But very little has been written about the slaves that escaped the plantations by becoming “Contraband of War”.  Even less has been written about the former slaves who took up arms against their former masters as “Volunteers of African Descent”.  Follow this blog for more information on the topic.

According to Wikipedia, “Contraband was a term commonly used in the United States military during the American Civil War to describe a new status for certain escaped slaves or those who affiliated with Union forces. The Army (and the United States Congress) determined that the US would not return escaped slaves who went to Union lines and classified them as contraband. They used many as laborers to support Union efforts and soon began to pay them wages. The former slaves set up camps near Union forces, and the Army helped support and educate both adults and children among the refugees. Thousands of men from these camps enlisted in the United States Colored Troops when recruitment started in 1863. At war's end, more than 100 contraband camps existed in the South, including the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island, where 3500 former slaves worked to develop a self-sufficient community.”

The Contrabands freed themselves by crossing Union lines.  The precedent was established by three slaves, Frank Baker, James Townsend and Sheppard Mallory.  These men were able to navigate a rowboat in the dark across Hampton Roads harbor from Confederate-occupied Norfolk County.  They asked for sanctuary from Union officers at Fort Monroe.  When presented with the news, General Benjamin Butler saw this as an opportunity to obtain vitally needed laborers while granting them some measure of freedom.  He refused to return the men to their former masters to prevent their use in the Confederate war effort.  The next day several more African Americans requested asylum at Fort Monroe and the process continued until the “Grand Contraband Camp” became a city with a population estimated between 7,000 and 10,000 people.  The Hampton History Museum had a wonderful exhibit in the Fall of 2013 on the Hampton Contraband Camp which is featured in a Youtube video here.  Fort Monroe was renamed by the Contraband community as “Freedom’s Fortress”.

The Army and the Navy began paying the contrabands for their labor.  The U.S. Congress legitimized and encouraged the process further with legislation.  The Confiscation Act of 1861 was an act of Congress during the early months of the American Civil War permitting court proceedings for confiscation of any property being used to support the Confederate independence effort, including slaves.  Lincoln had to be persuaded to sign the act because of his concern that the measure would have no practical effect since the Union was being trounced on the battlefield and had minimal control of Confederate territory.  He was also afraid that it might hamper efforts to enact laws for emancipation further down the road.  Leading senators of the Abolition movement were finally able to persuade him to the sign the bill.  Very few confiscations were pursued in the courts but there were thousands of men, women and children that escaped slavery by crossing Union lines.  Stay tuned for the next installment!

African American Genealogy Class

The African American Genealogy Class sponsored by the Bay Area Genealogical Society will meet on the 1st Thursdays at 10:30 AM at Friendswood Public Library on the following dates: 

• August 7
• September 4
• October 2

The address of the Friendswood Library is 416 S. Friendswood Drive.  This road is also known as FM-518.

I am going to cover the following topics:

Session 1

Start with yourself

Timelines

Family & Home Information Source Checklist

Charting Your Family History

Why Genealogy?

The Genealogical Approach to History

African American Surnames

Interviewing Relatives

Session 2

Case Study Showing the use of 19th & 20th Century Census, Vital Records 

and Military Records

Student Show and Tell Session

Session 3

African American History & Genealogy in Texas

Sources for Texas Vital Records

Genealogy Records of Special Value to African Americans

A 45 minute overview of the above topics will be held  on Saturday, September 6, 2014 at the Bayland Community Center, 6400 Bissonnet Street Houston, Texas 77074.  This session is being sponsored by the Houston Genealogical Forum.

An Italian Wedding in Sioux City, Iowa?

UPDATE: March 19, 2020

This photograph has mystified me from the first time that I saw it on the wall of my aunt Betty's house. That was over twenty years ago but this last fall I finally started to find some of the missing puzzle pieces. Aunt Betty told me that it was a picture of the wedding of my grandfather's sister, Carmela Cimino. The family story was that Carmela married a man named Defazio. Aunt Betty told me that her father (my grandfather), Sebastiano "Richard" Cimino was seated on the far right and my great grandfather, Antonino Cimino was in back between the bride and groom.

FILE NAME: cimino-defazio.jpg

TITLE OF PHOTO: Wedding of Carmela Cimino and Pasquale "Peter" Defazio.

LOCATION OF PHOTO: Sioux City, Iowa

DATE: April 1918

My quest to solve the mystery of who was in this photo led me to Jean Defazio Hewitt, a descendant of Pasquale "Pete" Defazio who believes that the man on the far left is John Giudice. Frank LaScala is standing second from left behind the girl with the flowers. Frank’s wife was Teresa Defazio, sister of the groom, Pasquale Defazio.  My quest now is to find out which one of these women was Teresa Defazio LaScala.

The story of Carmela Cimino DeFazio is a sad one as she died in 1920 in Sioux City, Iowa. Her death occured on June 1, 1920, two months before her sixteenth birthday. We were always told that she died in childbirth but her death certificate says she died of acute myocarditis which is a viral infection of the lining of the heart.

Carmela Cimino was born in Carlentini, Siracusa, Sicilia on 8 Aug 1904. My grandpa, Sebastiano "Dick" Cimino was born in Lentini 30 Oct 1906 perhaps at the home of his maternal grandparents. His father, Antonino Cimino left Carlentini for the United States in search of work in 1907 and arrived in New York on the 9th of April. He returned to Sicily probably in 1908 then returned to the U.S. with his brother Alfio and his sister, Lucia in February 1909. Lucia Cimino was traveling with her daughter, Sebastiana Calafiore and all four of the travelers were bound for Omaha to join up with Lucia's husband, Filadelfio Calafiore.

Back in 1996, I made contact with the son of Alfio Cimino who lived in Milan, Italy. His name was Antonino Cimino, named after my great grandfather. Here is his account of the voyage across the Atlantic: "In the first years of 1900, my father and your great-grandfather left for the U.S. to search for work but they had little luck. They worked on the construction of the railroads, slept in sheds like slaves and earned very little money. My father, Alfio returned to Italy after three years in the U.S. and your great-grandfather remained in America and we never heard any more about him."

When my great grandfather returned to the U.S. he left behind a pregnant wife. Their second son, Giovanni "John" Cimino was born in Carlentini 3 July 1909. The mother and her three children sailed from Palermo 18 Mar 1911 on the Steamship Friedrich der Grosse and arrived at the Port of New York 31 Mar 1911. The family was reunited in Omaha, Nebraska which by that time had formed a "Little Italy".

Here is what the book Italians of Omaha published in 1941 had to say about Omaha's Little Italy as it existed in the 1930s:

"The most distinct Italian colony, from an ethnic standpoint, and in which segregation is most intense with the highest ratio of foreign-born, is Omaha's Little Italy. It lies in the eastern part of the city, south of the downtown business and industrial section. It is here that the Sicilians are in the majority with an astoundingly heavy representation from the towns of Lentini and Carlentini...if one were to stand on the corner of Sixth and Pierce Streets and question the Italians who passed, the tabulation would show Lentini and Carlentini in the Province of Syracuse as the place of origin of seven out of ten persons."

Despite the presence of neighbors and friends from Carlentini and Lentini, the Cimino family left the familiar confines of Omaha's Little Italy a year later. The next child, Sarah, was born in Sioux City, Iowa on 28 March 1912. Antonino had found work in Sioux City as a teamster and by 1918 was employed as a laborer at the 22nd Street Yards of the "Milwaukee Road". This historic railroad is officially known as the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. While the railroad does not exist as a separate entity anymore, it is still commemorated in buildings like the historic Milwaukee Road Depot in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The 22nd Street Yards in Sioux City have also been preserved as a railroad museum. The museum's website is at www.milwaukeerailroadshops.org. The site originally encompassed over 50 acres of land and incorporated over 25 buildings to include a 30 stall roundhouse, machine/blacksmith shop, car/carpenter shop, steam power plant, water softener plant, stores warehouse, sand drying house and two wooden sand towers, a 300 ton capacity wood coal tower and more. The complex also included over 10 miles of track and employed over 500 people. 

Sioux City had become home for the Ciminos. Antonino's sister, Lucia and her husband, Filadelfio Calafiore had also moved from Omaha to Sioux City by 1920. Filadelfio had found work as a laborer at a packing house in Sioux City. It is quite possible that one or more of the Calafiore family is featured in this wedding picture. Lucia and Filadelfio had two daughters, Sebastiana also known as Nettie and Carmela also known as Della born in 1903  and 1909 respectively. These two girls would be about the right age to match with the two bridesmaids holding flowers and the younger girl on the left but the pictures that I have for Nettie and Della do not seem to match the girls in the wedding photo.

The Calafiore family: father: Filadelifo "Phil" Calafiore, mother: Lucia Cimino, daughters: Nettie and Della.

Nettie and Della Calafiore

The railroads and the packing houses in Sioux City employed many Italians. These Italians became the "extended family" of the Ciminos despite having origins from many other places in Italy. The two men identified by Jean Defazio Hewitt in the photo must have been part of that extended family.

Frank LaScala was employed as an oiler in an engine room in 1920. The census for that year enumerates him with his wife "Tressa", son, "January" and sister-in-law "Johanna" Defazio.  One would presume from this census record that Frank LaScala's wife, "Tressa", or Teresa was a Defazio. The death certificate of Teresa LaScala confirms that her maiden name was Defazio.  

SOURCE: Ancestry.com. Iowa, Death Records, 1920-1940 [database on-line]. 

The death certificate names her parents as Father: Anthony Defizio and Mother: Carmali Tucchi. These names are in conflict with the names of the parents of Pasquale Defazio that he provided in his second marriage record which are Pasquale Defazio and Carmella Grece.   Carmali Tucchi and Carmella Grece do sound similar but Anthony and Pasquale do not match at all.

The 1930 census shows that the mother of Pasquale Defazio was living with his family. The obituary for Teresa LaScala lists her brother, Pasquale Defazio as a survivor.

SOURCE: Sioux City Journal, Sioux City, Iowa, Saturday, 27 Aug 1938, Page 15 on Newspapers.com

It would seem likely that Teresa Defazio LaScala is one of the people in the Cimino-Defazio wedding photo.  I am in the process of contacting descendants of Frank LaScala and Teresa Defazio to see if they have a picture of them.  Here is the person in the photograph that I believe to be Frank LaScala.

1918- The man is thought to be Frank LaScala.  The woman may be his wife Teresa Defazio LaScala.

John Giudice owned an Italian restaurant called John's Place in Sioux City. I could not find him in the 1920 census of Sioux City. Jean had said that he ran a restaurant in the neighborhood but he was not there in 1920 nor could I find him in the 1930 census. Jean could not recall the exact spelling of the name and variant spellings always present a difficulty when searching Italian names. I finally found his naturalization record which amazingly included a photograph.

There is a definite resemblace between this photograph of John Giudice in 1939 and the man on the left in the wedding photo taken in 1918. John Giudice was married to Felicia Defazio. Here is the 1918 image that may be Giovanni "John" Giudice:

1918-This is the man thought to be John Giudice. The mother of Pasquale Defazio may be in front of him.

Here is the obituary for Felicia Defazio Giudice:

Perhaps one of her descendants named in the obituary might have an old picture of her that we could compare to the 1918 image.

A family photo of Carmela's headstone showed her name as "Camela Defozeo" Aug 8, 1903 to June 1, 1920. This mispelling is another example of the difficulty of searching Italian names in U.S. records. Our family records told me that Carmela Defazio was buried in Calvary Cemetery in Sioux City. In September of 2011 my wife and I flew from Houston to Omaha and then drove north to Sioux City. It was a pilgrimage to the Sioux City which was the site of so much of the Cimino family history. There were several cemeteries to visit with family buried on both the Iowa and Nebraska sides of the Missouri River which divides the two states. The family was living in South Sioux City, Nebraska by 1930 and my great grandfather, Antonino Cimino remained in "South Soo" until he died in 1963. Antonino and three of his sons, Richard, John and Sam each had houses on the same street in South Sioux City. My father, Richard Jr. was born in South Sioux City 5 Mar 1934. My dad lived there until my grandpa relocated his family to Sacramento in the 1940s. I was born in Sacramento in 1954.

We visited Calvary Cemetery in September 2011 and after an extensive search we found Carmela's grave marked with a substantial headstone with a cross on top in the Marian Section of the cemetery. The gravestone is the centerpiece of the Defazio family burial lots. Buried near her are her husband, Pete Defazio, 1893-1965; her mother-in-law, Carmela Defazio, 1865-1936; and her husband's second wife, Mary Pironaggi Defazio, 1903-2002. After seeing the Defazio graves, I new I had to try to find the Defazio descendants. Pete Defazio and Mary Pironaggi had eleven children all born in Sioux City, Iowa. Jean Defazio Hewitt was their third child and she currently lives in San Leandro, California in the San Francisco Bay area. Ironically, I had lived just a few miles away from Jean in Walnut Creek, California until August of 2010.

After returning home, I mailed copies of the wedding photo to Jean and her siblings in the hopes that one of them could identify the people in the photograph. I received a response from Jean who had heard stories about her father's first wife but had never seen a picture of her father at such a young age. She recognized John Giudice and Frank LaScala. The mystery is not completely solved. We have a lot more information about the people and how they came together at a wedding in 1919. A few pieces of the puzzle remain to be found. If you can help identify any of these people, please contact me at this email address.

All the best,

Nick Cimino

League City, TX

My Blog
http://ancestorpuzzles.com